Indoor Planning in Broadband Cellular Radio Networks

The capacity requirements of cellular networks continue to grow. This has forced cellular operators to seek new ways of improving the availability and transmission rate experienced by users. The majority of cellular network data users are located inside buildings, where coverage is difficult to ensure due to high penetration loss. Indoor users also cause high load to outdoor networks, reducing the quality and availability for outdoor users. This has given rise to a growing need for implementing dedicated indoor systems, and further optimizing their performance to provide high capacity. It was estimated that in 2011 there were 5.37 billion mobile subscriptions in 3GPP-supported GSM, UMTS/HSPA and LTE networks, of which 890.7 million were using UMTS/HSPA. Currently, UMTS is the leading standard for providing mobile broadband, although LTE is becoming increasingly popular. The planning of radio networks is well known and documented. However, the planning and optimization of indoor networks has not been widely studied, although clear improvements in both coverage and capacity can be achieved by optimizing cell- and antenna line configuration. This thesis considers the special characteristics of the indoor environment with regard to radio propagation and radio network planning. The aspects of radio network planning are highlighted especially for WCDMA radio access technology. The target is to provide guidelines for indoor radio network planning and optimization using an outdoor-to-indoor repeater or a dedicated indoor system with various antenna and cell configurations. The studies conducted here are intended to provide better understanding of the indoor functionality and planning of WCDMA radio access, and UMTS cellular system including the latest HSPA updates. The studies show that the indoor performance of a high data rate WCDMA system can be improved by increasing the antenna density in the distributed antenna system, or by utilizing uplink diversity reception. It is also shown how system capacity can be further improved by adding more indoor cells to a single building. The inter-cell interference is analyzed, and the limits for cell densification are discussed. The results show that compared to dedicated indoor systems, similar indoor performance can be provided by extending macrocellular coverage inside buildings using an outdoor-to-indoor repeater. However, good performance of repeater implementation needs careful repeater antenna line and parameter configuration. Nevertheless, capacity is in any case borrowed from an outdoor mother cell. Sharing frequencies between outdoor and indoor systems is often necessary due to high capacity demand and limited available frequency band. A co-channel indoor system was measured to affect both uplink and downlink performance of an outdoor cell. In the uplink, a clear increase in uplink intercell interference was observed. Throughput degradation was also measured in downlink, but the affect is limited to the area close to the indoor system. However, the added high capacity of an indoor network usually justifies performance degradation. The results can help mobile operators design their networks to provide better coverage, higher capacity and better quality for indoor users. After taking into account the implementation costs, the results also help operators to reach a techno-economic trade-off between the various deployment options

Cementing does not increase the immediate postoperative risk of death after total hip arthroplasty or hemiarthroplasty: a hospital-based study of 10,677 patients

Background and purpose: It has been suggested that cemented arthroplasty is associated with increased peri- and postoperative mortality due to bone cement implanting syndrome, especially in fracture surgery. We investigated such an association in elective total hip arthroplasty (THA) patients and hemiarthroplasty (HA) patients treated for femoral neck fracture.Patients and methods: All 10,677 patients receiving elective THA or HA for fracture in our hospital between 2004 and 2015 were identified. Mortality rates for cemented and uncemented THA and HA were compared at different times postoperatively using logistic regression analysis. Analysis was adjusted for age, sex, ASA class, and year of surgery.Results: Adjusted 10- and 30-day mortality after cemented THA was comparable to that of the uncemented THA (OR 1.7; 95% CI 0.3–8.7 and OR 1.6; CI 0.7–3.6, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the adjusted 2-day mortality in the cemented HA group when compared with the uncemented group. However, in a subgroup analyses of ASA-class IV HA patients there was a difference, statistically not significant, during the first 2 days postoperatively in the cemented HA group compared with the uncemented HA group (OR 2.1; CI 0.9–4.7).Interpretation: Cementing may still be a safe option in both elective and hip fracture arthroplasty. Excess mortality of cemented THA and HA in the longer term is comorbidity related, not due to bone cement implantation syndrome. However, in the most fragile HA patient group caution is needed at the moment of cementing.</p

Indoor Planning in Broadband Cellular Radio Networks

The capacity requirements of cellular networks continue to grow. This has forced cellular operators to seek new ways of improving the availability and transmission rate experienced by users. The majority of cellular network data users are located inside buildings, where coverage is difficult to ensure due to high penetration loss. Indoor users also cause high load to outdoor networks, reducing the quality and availability for outdoor users. This has given rise to a growing need for implementing dedicated indoor systems, and further optimizing their performance to provide high capacity. It was estimated that in 2011 there were 5.37 billion mobile subscriptions in 3GPP-supported GSM, UMTS/HSPA and LTE networks, of which 890.7 million were using UMTS/HSPA. Currently, UMTS is the leading standard for providing mobile broadband, although LTE is becoming increasingly popular. The planning of radio networks is well known and documented. However, the planning and optimization of indoor networks has not been widely studied, although clear improvements in both coverage and capacity can be achieved by optimizing cell- and antenna line configuration. This thesis considers the special characteristics of the indoor environment with regard to radio propagation and radio network planning. The aspects of radio network planning are highlighted especially for WCDMA radio access technology. The target is to provide guidelines for indoor radio network planning and optimization using an outdoor-to-indoor repeater or a dedicated indoor system with various antenna and cell configurations. The studies conducted here are intended to provide better understanding of the indoor functionality and planning of WCDMA radio access, and UMTS cellular system including the latest HSPA updates. The studies show that the indoor performance of a high data rate WCDMA system can be improved by increasing the antenna density in the distributed antenna system, or by utilizing uplink diversity reception. It is also shown how system capacity can be further improved by adding more indoor cells to a single building. The inter-cell interference is analyzed, and the limits for cell densification are discussed. The results show that compared to dedicated indoor systems, similar indoor performance can be provided by extending macrocellular coverage inside buildings using an outdoor-to-indoor repeater. However, good performance of repeater implementation needs careful repeater antenna line and parameter configuration. Nevertheless, capacity is in any case borrowed from an outdoor mother cell. Sharing frequencies between outdoor and indoor systems is often necessary due to high capacity demand and limited available frequency band. A co-channel indoor system was measured to affect both uplink and downlink performance of an outdoor cell. In the uplink, a clear increase in uplink intercell interference was observed. Throughput degradation was also measured in downlink, but the affect is limited to the area close to the indoor system. However, the added high capacity of an indoor network usually justifies performance degradation. The results can help mobile operators design their networks to provide better coverage, higher capacity and better quality for indoor users. After taking into account the implementation costs, the results also help operators to reach a techno-economic trade-off between the various deployment options

Jalostuseläinten kasvatusmahdollisuuksien selvittäminen Isotalon emolehmätilalla

Emolehmätuotannon historia on Suomessa vielä varsin lyhyt, mutta emolehmätilojen määrä on viime vuosina koko ajan lisääntynyt. Emolehmätuotannossa on useita tuotantomuotoja, joihin voi erikoistua. Jalostuseläinten tuotantoon erikoistunut tila keskittyy yhden tai useamman rodun puhdasjalostukseen. Jalostuseläinten tuottajat kuuluvat emolehmätarkkailuun. Emolehmätarkkailuun kuuluu vasikoiden kasvun seuranta ja eläinten kantakirjaaminen. Lisäksi eläinten ruokintaan, hoitoon, terveyteen ja rakenteeseen on kiinnitettävä erityishuomiota hyvien jalostustulosten saavuttamiseksi. Työssä selvitettiin mahdollisuuksia siirtyä yhdistelmätuotannosta jalostuseläinten tuotantoon Isotalon emolehmätilalla. Tehdyn alkuselvityksen perusteella tilalta kartoitettiin kehittämiskohteet, joissa tehtävien toimenpiteiden avulla tuotantomuodon muuttaminen olisi mahdollista. Kehittämistyöhön kootut tiedot analysoitiin kirjallisuuslähteisiin verraten. Lisäinformaatiota saatiin teurastamo Liha-Saarioinen Oy:ltä sekä Faba Palvelun jalostusneuvojilta. Työn avulla saatiin selville, että eläinaineksen uusiminen vaiheittain ja emolehmä-tarkkailuun liittyminen ovat pakollisia toimenpiteitä. Lisäksi käytettävistä rehuista on teetettävä analyysit, ja niiden pohjalta pitää tehdä tilalle eri ruokintaryhmille omat ruokintasuunnitelmat. Ruokinnassa kannattaa käyttää väkevämpiä seoksia, joiden avulla päiväkasvuja pystytään nostamaan. Myös eläintiloihin tehdään rakenteellisia muutoksia, jotka helpottavat eläinten käsittelyä. Emolehmätuotannon lisääntymisen myötä jalostuseläinten kysyntä tulee kasvamaan. Jalostuseläinten tuotantomuodosta olisi saatava lisää tutkittua tietoa tuottajille. Tuotantomuoto kiinnostaa tuottajia, mutta alhainen tarkkailuun kuuluvien tilojen määrä ja rotujen suuri kirjo vaikeuttavat jalostustyötä.History of suckler cow production is still quite short in Finland, but the number of farms has increased in the last few years. Suckler cow production offers many opportunities for specialized farming. Farms which are specialized in the breeding of cattle keep a record of their beef cattle. Beef cattle recording includes how the calves grow up and documentation of the cows. To get good breeding results a farmer must pay attention to the feeding, tending, health and build of the cattle. I clarified in my thesis the present production and the possibilities to change production to breeding cattle on Isotalo farm. I also draw up the development plans for the farm. Liha-Saarioinen Oy and Faba-Palvelu provided more informa-tion as well. Gradually we have to replace the cattle and join the beef cattle record. Also analysing the fodder has helped to make feeding plans for the different groups. Daily growth will be greater with stronger food. If the cow house is repaired caring for the cattle would be easier. The demand for breeding cattle will increase when production of suckler cattle increases. It would be good to get more information about suckler cattle breeding. Farmers are interested in the production line but it is difficult because there are only a few farms that belong to the beef cattle record and on the other hand there are many breeds

Measurements on HSUPA with uplink diversity reception in indoor environment

The target of the paper is to study performance of high speed uplink packet access (HSUPA) in indoor environment, applicability of uplink diversity reception for HSUPA, and to provide guidelines for HSUPA coverage planning indoor environment. The single-user measurements show that with the tested antenna configuration without diversity, maximum practical throughput varies between 1.4 and 1.6 Mbps, and it can be achieved when pilot coverage is above -95 dBm. HSUPA was also measured with spatial and polarization diversity reception, and they were noticed to provide about 4.5 dB improvement in uplink reception, providing 20-40 % improvement in HSUPA throughput with pilot coverage below -95 dBm. Diversity reception can provide provide modest gain in system performance, but with planning threshold RSCP > -95 dBm, almost the same performance can be achieved without diversity antennas.Peer reviewe

Impact of indoor network on the macrocell HSPA performance

In this paper, the impact of the high speed packet access (HSPA) indoor network on the macrocell HSPA performance is studied based on field measurements. The indoor network configuration and the indoor antenna locations were varied for the measurements. The performance evaluation was based on data throughput and link quality parameters in downlink and in uplink. According to the measurement results an indoor network has an impact on the macrocell performance on both downlink and uplink. The downlink Ec/N0 and throughput measurements show degradation in signal quality and downlink performance close to indoor antennas. The uplink measurements indicate that indoor network users may raise uplink interference levels at macro cell and thus cause performance or coverage degradation. However, the impact measured close to the indoor network was rather local, thus it is still recommended to exchange a small portion of the macrocell performance for a significant indoor traffic boost gained by implementing an indoor network.Peer reviewe

Fabrication and Modelling of Three-Dimensional Sub-kelvin Phononic Crystals

We have investigated the fabrication and computational modelling of threedimensional phononic crystals for the observation of full band gaps for thermal phonons at sub-kelvin temperatures. Self-assembled arrays of monodisperse polystyrene nanospheres have been fabricated using a vertical deposition technique. Optimal conditions for increasing crystal domain size and crystalline quality have been studied. In addition, the phononic band structure has been computed using the finite element method for the simple cubic lattice. The dependence of band structure on contact area between spheres has also been studied. For small enough contact area a large band gap is observed, predicting a strong influence on sub-Kelvin thermal transport.peerReviewe